Avicenna, 980-1037, 14
Averroës, 1126-1198, 8
Ṭabarī, 838?-923, 7
Butterworth, Charles E. 6
Hāridī, Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Majīd 6
Ibrāhīm, Muḥammad Abū al-Faḍl 6
Aristotle, 5
Fārābī, 5
Kawtharī, Muḥammad Zāhid ibn al-Ḥasan 5
Maimonides, Moses, 1135-1204, 5
Meyerhof, Max, 1874-1945 5
Mubarrad, Muḥammad ibn Yazīd, -898, 5
Māwardī, ʻAlī ibn Muḥammad, 974?-1058, 5
Suyūṭī, 1445-1505, 5
Thaʻālibī, ʻAbd al-Malik ibn Muḥammad, 961 or 962-1037 or 1038, 5
Bernand, Marie 4
Bos, Gerrit, 1948- 4
Dunyā, Sulaymān 4
Ghazzālī, 1058-1111 4
Hārūn, ʻAbd al-Salām Muḥammad 4
Ibn Qutaybah, ʻAbd Allāh ibn Muslim, 828-889?, 4
Ibn al-Bayṭār, ʻAbd Allāh ibn Aḥmad, -1248, 4
Manṣūrī, Maḥmūd al-Imām 4
Najjār, Muḥammad ʻAlī 4
Nābulusī, ʿAbd al-Ghanī ibn Ismāʿīl, 1641-1731, 4
Sauneron, Serge 4
Shayyāl, Jamāl al-Dīn 4
Suyūṭī, 1445-1505 4
Theophrastus 4
ʿAbd al-Tawwāb, Ramaḍān 4
Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq al-ʻIbādī, 809?-873, 4
Aristotle 3
Bajāwī, ʻAlī Muḥammad 3
Clement, of Alexandria, Saint, approximately 150-approximately 215 3
Davies, Humphrey T. 3
Dīnawarī, Abū Ḥanīfah Aḥmad ibn Dāwūd, -approximately 895, 3
Fishbein, Michael 3
Gordon, Matthew S. 3
Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Yūsuf, 1309-1360, 3
Ibn Khaldūn, 1332-1406, 3
Ibn Mālik, Muḥammad ibn ʻAbd Allāh, -1274 3
Ibn al-Jawzī, Abū al-Faraj ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʻAlī, approximately 1116-1201, 3
Ibshīhī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad, 1388-approximately 1446, 3
Jāḥiẓ, -868 or 869 3
Mackintosh-Smith, Tim, 1961- 3
Madelung, Wilferd 3
Maqrīzī, Aḥmad ibn ʻAlī, 1364-1442, 3
Marcovich, Miroslav, 1919-2001 3
Ptolemy, active 2nd century 3
Qurashī, Abū Zayd Muḥammad ibn Abī al-Khaṭṭāb, 3
Qālī, Abū ʻAlī Ismāʻīl ibn al-Qāsim, 901?-967? 3
Qāsim, Maḥmūd, 1913-1973 3
Robinson, Chase F. 3
Rowson, Everett K. 3
Shinqīṭī, Aḥmad ibn al-Amīn, -1912 or 1913 3
Shirbīnī, Yūsuf ibn Muḥammad, active 1665-1687, 3
Shākir, Aḥmad Muḥammad 3
Shākir, Maḥmūd Muḥammad 3
Volkoff, Oleg V. 3
ʿAskarī, Abū Hilāl al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAbd Allāh, 3
Ḥalabī, Muḥammad Badr al-Dīn al-Naʿsānī 3
Ḥusayn, Muḥammad Kāmil 3
Abū Tammām Ḥabīb ibn Aws al-Ṭāʼī, active 808-842, 2
Ahwānī, Aḥmad Fuʼād, -1970 2
Alpin, Prosper, 1553-1617, 2
Avicenna, 980-1037 2
Aʻlam al-Shantamarī, Yūsuf ibn Sulaymān, 1019 or 1020-1083 or 1084 2
Badawī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān 2
Bar Hebraeus, 1226-1286 2
Basil, Saint, Bishop of Caesarea, approximately 329-379 2
Burri, Carla 2
Corbin, Henry 2
Craik, Elizabeth M. 2
Dhahabī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad, 1274-1348, 2
Farrāj, ʿAbd al-Sattār Aḥmad 2
Fenoyl, R. de 2
Fiqī, Muḥammad Ḥāmid 2
Goeje, M. J. de 1836-1909 2
Havrda, Matyáš, 1972- 2
Hippocrates 2
Homerin, Th. Emil, 1955- 2
Hạrūn, ʿAbd al-Salām Muḥammad 2
Ibn Abī Ḥajalah, Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyá, 1325-1374 or 1375 2
Ibn Durayd, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan, 837 or 838-933, 2
Ibn Fāris al-Qazwīnī, Aḥmad, active 10th century, 2
Ibn Iyās, 1448-approximately 1524, 2
Ibn Jinnī, Abū al-Fatḥ ʻUthmān, -1002, 2
Ibn Khaldūn, 1332-1406 2
Ibn Khaldūn, 1332-1406, 2
Ibn Khallikān, 1211-1282, 2
Ibn Miskawayh, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad, -1030, 2
Ibn Qutaybah, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muslim, 828-889, 2
Ibn Taymīyah, Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥalīm, 1263-1328, 2
Ibn Wahb, ʻAbd Allāh, 742 or 743-812 or 813, 2
Ibn Zaydūn, Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd Allāh, 1003 or 1004-1071, 2
Ibn al-Abbār, Muḥammad ibn ʻAbd Allāh, 1199-1260, 2
Ibn al-Anbārī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad, 1119-1181, 2
Ibn al-Anbārī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad, 1119-1181, 2
Ibn al-Fāriḍ, ʻUmar ibn ʻAlī, 1181 or 1182-1235, 2
Ibn al-Sāʻī, ʻAlī ibn Anjab, 1196 or 1197-1275, 2