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APA Citation

Houtte, J. v. (1977). Essays on medieval and early modern economy and society. Leiden ; Boston: Brill.

Chicago Style Citation

Houtte, J.A. van. Essays On Medieval and Early Modern Economy and Society. Leiden ; Boston: Brill, 1977.

MLA Citation

Houtte, J.A. van. Essays On Medieval and Early Modern Economy and Society. Leiden ; Boston: Brill, 1977.

Warning: These citations may not always be 100% accurate.

Opening Hours

Sunday - Thursday, 8:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m.
closed: Friday, Saturday and holidays.
The library closes at 2:30 p.m. during Ramadan.

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The Marilyn M. and William Kelly Simpson Library

Address: American Research Center in Egypt 2 Midan Símon Bolívar (Qasr al-Dubara) Garden City Cairo 11461 Egypt

Email: library@arce.org

Phone: tel: 20 2 2794-8239, use extension 117 or 118

Fax: 20 2 2795-3052

Whoops! There was an error.

Whoops \ Exception \ ErrorException (E_WARNING)

fopen(/tmp/vufind_sessions/sess_v6qp9r1qp3ih3khoc0tmu2cvas): failed to open stream: No space left on device

Whoops\Exception\ErrorException thrown with message "fopen(/tmp/vufind_sessions/sess_v6qp9r1qp3ih3khoc0tmu2cvas): failed to open stream: No space left on device" Stacktrace: #5 Whoops\Exception\ErrorException in /usr/local/vufind/module/VuFind/src/VuFind/Session/File.php:151 #4 fopen in /usr/local/vufind/module/VuFind/src/VuFind/Session/File.php:151 #3 VuFind\Session\File:saveSession in /usr/local/vufind/module/VuFind/src/VuFind/Session/AbstractBase.php:185 #2 VuFind\Session\AbstractBase:write in [internal]:0 #1 session_write_close in /usr/local/vufind/vendor/laminas/laminas-session/src/SessionManager.php:235 #0 Laminas\Session\SessionManager:writeClose in [internal]:0

Application frames (0) All frames (6)

Whoops\Exception\ErrorException

…/module/VuFind/src/VuFind/Session/File.php151

fopen

…/module/VuFind/src/VuFind/Session/File.php151

VuFind\Session\File saveSession

…/module/VuFind/src/VuFind/Session/AbstractBase.php185

VuFind\Session\AbstractBase write

[internal]0

session_write_close

…/vendor/laminas/laminas-session/src/SessionManager.php235

Laminas\Session\SessionManager writeClose

[internal]0

Open: /usr/local/vufind/module/VuFind/src/VuFind/Session/File.php

        foreach (glob($this->path . "/sess_*") as $filename) {
            if (filemtime($filename) + $maxlifetime < time()) {
                unlink($filename);
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
 
    /**
     * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved.
     *
     * @param string $sessId The current session ID
     * @param string $data   The session data to write
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function saveSession($sessId, $data)
    {
        $sessFile = $this->path . '/sess_' . $sessId;
        if ($handle = fopen($sessFile, "w")) {
            $return = fwrite($handle, $data);
            fclose($handle);
            if ($return !== false) {
                return true;
            }
        }
        // If we got this far, something went wrong with the file output...
        // It is tempting to throw an exception here, but this code is called
        // outside of the context of exception handling, so all we can do is
        // echo a message.
        echo 'Cannot write session to ' . $sessFile . "\n";
        return false;
    }
}

Open: /usr/local/vufind/module/VuFind/src/VuFind/Session/File.php

        foreach (glob($this->path . "/sess_*") as $filename) {
            if (filemtime($filename) + $maxlifetime < time()) {
                unlink($filename);
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
 
    /**
     * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved.
     *
     * @param string $sessId The current session ID
     * @param string $data   The session data to write
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function saveSession($sessId, $data)
    {
        $sessFile = $this->path . '/sess_' . $sessId;
        if ($handle = fopen($sessFile, "w")) {
            $return = fwrite($handle, $data);
            fclose($handle);
            if ($return !== false) {
                return true;
            }
        }
        // If we got this far, something went wrong with the file output...
        // It is tempting to throw an exception here, but this code is called
        // outside of the context of exception handling, so all we can do is
        // echo a message.
        echo 'Cannot write session to ' . $sessFile . "\n";
        return false;
    }
}

Open: /usr/local/vufind/module/VuFind/src/VuFind/Session/AbstractBase.php

        // Anecdotal testing Today and Yesterday seems to indicate destroy()
        //   is called by the garbage collector and everything is good.
        // Something to keep in mind though.
        return true;
    }
 
    /**
     * Write function that is called when session data is to be saved.
     *
     * @param string $sessId The current session ID
     * @param string $data   The session data to write
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    public function write($sessId, $data)
    {
        if ($this->writesDisabled) {
            return true;
        }
        return $this->saveSession($sessId, $data);
    }
 
    /**
     * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved.
     *
     * @param string $sessId The current session ID
     * @param string $data   The session data to write
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    abstract protected function saveSession($sessId, $data);
}

Open: [internal]

Open: /usr/local/vufind/vendor/laminas/laminas-session/src/SessionManager.php

     *
     * @return void
     */
    public function writeClose()
    {
        // The assumption is that we're using PHP's ext/session.
        // session_write_close() will actually overwrite $_SESSION with an
        // empty array on completion -- which leads to a mismatch between what
        // is in the storage object and $_SESSION. To get around this, we
        // temporarily reset $_SESSION to an array, and then re-link it to
        // the storage object.
        //
        // Additionally, while you _can_ write to $_SESSION following a
        // session_write_close() operation, no changes made to it will be
        // flushed to the session handler. As such, we now mark the storage
        // object isImmutable.
        $storage  = $this->getStorage();
        if (! $storage->isImmutable()) {
            $_SESSION = $storage->toArray(true);
            session_write_close();
            $storage->fromArray($_SESSION);
            $storage->markImmutable();
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * Attempt to set the session name
     *
     * If the session has already been started, or if the name provided fails
     * validation, an exception will be raised.
     *
     * @param  string $name
     * @return SessionManager
     * @throws Exception\InvalidArgumentException
     */
    public function setName($name)
    {
        if ($this->sessionExists()) {
            throw new Exception\InvalidArgumentException(
                'Cannot set session name after a session has already started'

Open: [internal]

Environment & details:

GET Data

Key	Value
lng	en

POST Data empty

Files empty

Key	Value
ui	standard
VUFINDSESSION	v6qp9r1qp3ih3khoc0tmu2cvas
language	ar

Session

Key	Value
__Laminas	Array ( [_REQUEST_ACCESS_TIME] => 1743450369.2577 [_VALID] => Array ( [Laminas\Session\Validator\Id] => v6qp9r1qp3ih3khoc0tmu2cvas ) )
SessionState	Laminas\Stdlib\ArrayObject Object ( [storage:protected] => Array ( [cookiePath] => / ) [flag:protected] => 2 [iteratorClass:protected] => ArrayIterator [protectedProperties:protected] => Array ( [0] => storage [1] => flag [2] => iteratorClass [3] => protectedProperties ) )

Server/Request Data

Key	Value
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL	/portal/Record/60251/Cite
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI	https://library.arce.org/portal/Record/60251/Cite
REDIRECT_PERL5LIB	/usr/share/koha/lib
REDIRECT_KOHA_CONF	/etc/koha/sites/library/koha-conf.xml
REDIRECT_VUFIND_ENV	development
REDIRECT_VUFIND_LOCAL_DIR	/usr/local/vufind/local
REDIRECT_VUFIND_LOCAL_MODULES	CmsModule
REDIRECT_Shib-Handler	https://library.arce.org/Shibboleth.sso
REDIRECT_HTTPS	on
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI	library.arce.org
REDIRECT_STATUS	200
SCRIPT_URL	/portal/Record/60251/Cite
SCRIPT_URI	https://library.arce.org/portal/Record/60251/Cite
PERL5LIB	/usr/share/koha/lib
KOHA_CONF	/etc/koha/sites/library/koha-conf.xml
VUFIND_ENV	development
VUFIND_LOCAL_DIR	/usr/local/vufind/local
VUFIND_LOCAL_MODULES	CmsModule
Shib-Handler	https://library.arce.org/Shibboleth.sso
HTTPS	on
SSL_TLS_SNI	library.arce.org
SSL_SERVER_S_DN_CN	library.arce.org
SSL_SERVER_I_DN_C	US
SSL_SERVER_I_DN_O	Let's Encrypt
SSL_SERVER_I_DN_CN	E5
SSL_SERVER_SAN_DNS_0	library.arce.org
SSL_VERSION_INTERFACE	mod_ssl/2.4.62
SSL_VERSION_LIBRARY	OpenSSL/3.0.15
SSL_PROTOCOL	TLSv1.3
SSL_SECURE_RENEG	true
SSL_COMPRESS_METHOD	NULL
SSL_CIPHER	TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
SSL_CIPHER_EXPORT	false
SSL_CIPHER_USEKEYSIZE	256
SSL_CIPHER_ALGKEYSIZE	256
SSL_CLIENT_VERIFY	NONE
SSL_SERVER_M_VERSION	3
SSL_SERVER_M_SERIAL	039C4552FCAA42C99B5C2814B26FE1B14895
SSL_SERVER_V_START	Feb 26 05:31:05 2025 GMT
SSL_SERVER_V_END	May 27 05:31:04 2025 GMT
SSL_SERVER_S_DN	CN=library.arce.org
SSL_SERVER_I_DN	CN=E5,O=Let's Encrypt,C=US
SSL_SERVER_A_KEY	id-ecPublicKey
SSL_SERVER_A_SIG	ecdsa-with-SHA384
SSL_SESSION_ID	092f42aebcb634bc288aabbdf3716c6460fd4d9cef7ccfb0588c0d5d002505a4
SSL_SESSION_RESUMED	Resumed
HTTP_ACCEPT	/
HTTP_USER_AGENT	Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)
HTTP_COOKIE	ui=standard; VUFINDSESSION=v6qp9r1qp3ih3khoc0tmu2cvas; language=ar
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING	gzip, br, zstd, deflate
HTTP_HOST	library.arce.org
PATH	/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
SERVER_SIGNATURE	<address>Apache/2.4.62 (Debian) Server at library.arce.org Port 443</address>
SERVER_SOFTWARE	Apache/2.4.62 (Debian)
SERVER_NAME	library.arce.org
SERVER_ADDR	108.181.242.13
SERVER_PORT	443
REMOTE_ADDR	18.221.83.96
DOCUMENT_ROOT	/usr/share/koha/opac/htdocs
REQUEST_SCHEME	https
CONTEXT_PREFIX	/portal
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT	/usr/local/vufind/public
SERVER_ADMIN	webmaster@localhost
SCRIPT_FILENAME	/usr/local/vufind/public/index.php
REMOTE_PORT	42304
REMOTE_USER
REDIRECT_URL	/portal/Record/60251/Cite
REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING	lng=en
GATEWAY_INTERFACE	CGI/1.1
SERVER_PROTOCOL	HTTP/1.1
REQUEST_METHOD	GET
QUERY_STRING	lng=en
REQUEST_URI	/portal/Record/60251/Cite?lng=en
SCRIPT_NAME	/portal/index.php
PHP_SELF	/portal/index.php
PHP_AUTH_USER
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT	1743450369.1567
REQUEST_TIME	1743450369

Environment Variables empty

Registered Handlers

0. Whoops\Handler\PrettyPageHandler

Cannot write session to /tmp/vufind_sessions/sess_v6qp9r1qp3ih3khoc0tmu2cvas Whoops! There was an error.

Whoops \ Exception \ ErrorException (E_WARNING)

session_write_close(): Failed to write session data using user defined save handler. (session.save_path: /var/lib/php/sessions)

Whoops\Exception\ErrorException thrown with message "session_write_close(): Failed to write session data using user defined save handler. (session.save_path: /var/lib/php/sessions)" Stacktrace: #2 Whoops\Exception\ErrorException in /usr/local/vufind/vendor/laminas/laminas-session/src/SessionManager.php:235 #1 session_write_close in /usr/local/vufind/vendor/laminas/laminas-session/src/SessionManager.php:235 #0 Laminas\Session\SessionManager:writeClose in [internal]:0

Application frames (0) All frames (3)

Whoops\Exception\ErrorException

…/vendor/laminas/laminas-session/src/SessionManager.php235

session_write_close

…/vendor/laminas/laminas-session/src/SessionManager.php235

Laminas\Session\SessionManager writeClose

[internal]0

Open: /usr/local/vufind/vendor/laminas/laminas-session/src/SessionManager.php

     *
     * @return void
     */
    public function writeClose()
    {
        // The assumption is that we're using PHP's ext/session.
        // session_write_close() will actually overwrite $_SESSION with an
        // empty array on completion -- which leads to a mismatch between what
        // is in the storage object and $_SESSION. To get around this, we
        // temporarily reset $_SESSION to an array, and then re-link it to
        // the storage object.
        //
        // Additionally, while you _can_ write to $_SESSION following a
        // session_write_close() operation, no changes made to it will be
        // flushed to the session handler. As such, we now mark the storage
        // object isImmutable.
        $storage  = $this->getStorage();
        if (! $storage->isImmutable()) {
            $_SESSION = $storage->toArray(true);
            session_write_close();
            $storage->fromArray($_SESSION);
            $storage->markImmutable();
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * Attempt to set the session name
     *
     * If the session has already been started, or if the name provided fails
     * validation, an exception will be raised.
     *
     * @param  string $name
     * @return SessionManager
     * @throws Exception\InvalidArgumentException
     */
    public function setName($name)
    {
        if ($this->sessionExists()) {
            throw new Exception\InvalidArgumentException(
                'Cannot set session name after a session has already started'

Open: /usr/local/vufind/vendor/laminas/laminas-session/src/SessionManager.php

     *
     * @return void
     */
    public function writeClose()
    {
        // The assumption is that we're using PHP's ext/session.
        // session_write_close() will actually overwrite $_SESSION with an
        // empty array on completion -- which leads to a mismatch between what
        // is in the storage object and $_SESSION. To get around this, we
        // temporarily reset $_SESSION to an array, and then re-link it to
        // the storage object.
        //
        // Additionally, while you _can_ write to $_SESSION following a
        // session_write_close() operation, no changes made to it will be
        // flushed to the session handler. As such, we now mark the storage
        // object isImmutable.
        $storage  = $this->getStorage();
        if (! $storage->isImmutable()) {
            $_SESSION = $storage->toArray(true);
            session_write_close();
            $storage->fromArray($_SESSION);
            $storage->markImmutable();
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * Attempt to set the session name
     *
     * If the session has already been started, or if the name provided fails
     * validation, an exception will be raised.
     *
     * @param  string $name
     * @return SessionManager
     * @throws Exception\InvalidArgumentException
     */
    public function setName($name)
    {
        if ($this->sessionExists()) {
            throw new Exception\InvalidArgumentException(
                'Cannot set session name after a session has already started'

Open: [internal]

Environment & details:

GET Data

Key	Value
lng	en

POST Data empty

Files empty

Key	Value
ui	standard
VUFINDSESSION	v6qp9r1qp3ih3khoc0tmu2cvas
language	ar

Session

Key	Value
__Laminas	Array ( [_REQUEST_ACCESS_TIME] => 1743450369.2577 [_VALID] => Array ( [Laminas\Session\Validator\Id] => v6qp9r1qp3ih3khoc0tmu2cvas ) )
SessionState	Laminas\Stdlib\ArrayObject Object ( [storage:protected] => Array ( [cookiePath] => / ) [flag:protected] => 2 [iteratorClass:protected] => ArrayIterator [protectedProperties:protected] => Array ( [0] => storage [1] => flag [2] => iteratorClass [3] => protectedProperties ) )

Server/Request Data

Key	Value
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL	/portal/Record/60251/Cite
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI	https://library.arce.org/portal/Record/60251/Cite
REDIRECT_PERL5LIB	/usr/share/koha/lib
REDIRECT_KOHA_CONF	/etc/koha/sites/library/koha-conf.xml
REDIRECT_VUFIND_ENV	development
REDIRECT_VUFIND_LOCAL_DIR	/usr/local/vufind/local
REDIRECT_VUFIND_LOCAL_MODULES	CmsModule
REDIRECT_Shib-Handler	https://library.arce.org/Shibboleth.sso
REDIRECT_HTTPS	on
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI	library.arce.org
REDIRECT_STATUS	200
SCRIPT_URL	/portal/Record/60251/Cite
SCRIPT_URI	https://library.arce.org/portal/Record/60251/Cite
PERL5LIB	/usr/share/koha/lib
KOHA_CONF	/etc/koha/sites/library/koha-conf.xml
VUFIND_ENV	development
VUFIND_LOCAL_DIR	/usr/local/vufind/local
VUFIND_LOCAL_MODULES	CmsModule
Shib-Handler	https://library.arce.org/Shibboleth.sso
HTTPS	on
SSL_TLS_SNI	library.arce.org
SSL_SERVER_S_DN_CN	library.arce.org
SSL_SERVER_I_DN_C	US
SSL_SERVER_I_DN_O	Let's Encrypt
SSL_SERVER_I_DN_CN	E5
SSL_SERVER_SAN_DNS_0	library.arce.org
SSL_VERSION_INTERFACE	mod_ssl/2.4.62
SSL_VERSION_LIBRARY	OpenSSL/3.0.15
SSL_PROTOCOL	TLSv1.3
SSL_SECURE_RENEG	true
SSL_COMPRESS_METHOD	NULL
SSL_CIPHER	TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
SSL_CIPHER_EXPORT	false
SSL_CIPHER_USEKEYSIZE	256
SSL_CIPHER_ALGKEYSIZE	256
SSL_CLIENT_VERIFY	NONE
SSL_SERVER_M_VERSION	3
SSL_SERVER_M_SERIAL	039C4552FCAA42C99B5C2814B26FE1B14895
SSL_SERVER_V_START	Feb 26 05:31:05 2025 GMT
SSL_SERVER_V_END	May 27 05:31:04 2025 GMT
SSL_SERVER_S_DN	CN=library.arce.org
SSL_SERVER_I_DN	CN=E5,O=Let's Encrypt,C=US
SSL_SERVER_A_KEY	id-ecPublicKey
SSL_SERVER_A_SIG	ecdsa-with-SHA384
SSL_SESSION_ID	092f42aebcb634bc288aabbdf3716c6460fd4d9cef7ccfb0588c0d5d002505a4
SSL_SESSION_RESUMED	Resumed
HTTP_ACCEPT	/
HTTP_USER_AGENT	Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)
HTTP_COOKIE	ui=standard; VUFINDSESSION=v6qp9r1qp3ih3khoc0tmu2cvas; language=ar
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING	gzip, br, zstd, deflate
HTTP_HOST	library.arce.org
PATH	/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
SERVER_SIGNATURE	<address>Apache/2.4.62 (Debian) Server at library.arce.org Port 443</address>
SERVER_SOFTWARE	Apache/2.4.62 (Debian)
SERVER_NAME	library.arce.org
SERVER_ADDR	108.181.242.13
SERVER_PORT	443
REMOTE_ADDR	18.221.83.96
DOCUMENT_ROOT	/usr/share/koha/opac/htdocs
REQUEST_SCHEME	https
CONTEXT_PREFIX	/portal
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT	/usr/local/vufind/public
SERVER_ADMIN	webmaster@localhost
SCRIPT_FILENAME	/usr/local/vufind/public/index.php
REMOTE_PORT	42304
REMOTE_USER
REDIRECT_URL	/portal/Record/60251/Cite
REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING	lng=en
GATEWAY_INTERFACE	CGI/1.1
SERVER_PROTOCOL	HTTP/1.1
REQUEST_METHOD	GET
QUERY_STRING	lng=en
REQUEST_URI	/portal/Record/60251/Cite?lng=en
SCRIPT_NAME	/portal/index.php
PHP_SELF	/portal/index.php
PHP_AUTH_USER
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT	1743450369.1567
REQUEST_TIME	1743450369

Environment Variables empty

Registered Handlers

0. Whoops\Handler\PrettyPageHandler