dramatic setting » dramatic reading (توسيع البحث), domestic setting (توسيع البحث), artistic setting (توسيع البحث)
setting 1 » setting 10 (توسيع البحث), setting _ (توسيع البحث), setting 2 (توسيع البحث)
1 power » _ power (توسيع البحث), a power (توسيع البحث)
Hardships and Downfall of Buddhism in India /
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Buddhism originated as an antinomial system, facing the opposition of both vaidika and theistic Brahmans, who socially identified themselves with the agrarian world. The two models of society generated in early historical India never merged, and Buddhism was gradually and often violently reduced to impotence. It was Gupta rule that first checkmated the antinomial model of the Buddhists. Whereas in the open society traders, landowners and 'tribals' coexisted, from Gupta times onwards pressure on kings and direct Brahmanical rule led to the requisition of land and the imposition of a varna state society. Doctrinal debates, which soon turned into ordeals, were instrumental in the suppression of the Buddhist elite, mainly formed by intellectuals of Brahmanical descent, this being proof of a dramatic rift in the brahmanavarna. The Vajrayana, which was the Buddhist response to this state of affairs, originated and grew under Pala rule and expansionism, and was characterized by a decisive opening towards the outcast and the theorization of violence. This set off a conflict whose scope and significance are still poorly understood. It was eventually the compromise between the orthodox powers and the Muslims that caused the final downfall of Buddhism. The former were obliged to transfer political power to the latter but had a free hand in social repression. The book draws mainly on Brahmanical sources, both literary and iconographic, which are abundant and insufficiently exploited, as well as or archaeological evidence, hardly every resorted.
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1 online resource (524 pages) : illustrations. :
Includes bibliographical references and index. :
9789004752740
Augustine and Manichaean Christianity : selected papers from the first South African Conference on Augustine of Hippo, University of Pretoria, 24-26 April 2012 /
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Based on several newly discovered texts, Augustine and Manichaean Christianity provides groundbreaking discussions of the relationship between the most influential church father of the West and the religion of his formative years. Augustine's connection with Manichaean Christians was not only intense, but also enduring. This book unearths the essential background of writings such as Augustine's Confessiones , De ordine and De vera religione , and discloses many a hidden Manichaean source of his powerful concepts of memory and the vision of God. Contributions by, among others, Iain Gardner, Therese Fuhrer, Jason BeDuhn, Majella Franzmann, Josef Lössl, Annemaré Kotzé and Nils Arne Pedersen.
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1 online resource (xv, 236 pages) :
Includes bibliographical references and index. :
9789004255067 :
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