general function » genre function (توسيع البحث), general election (توسيع البحث), general notion (توسيع البحث)
function during » nation during (توسيع البحث), question during (توسيع البحث), reflection during (توسيع البحث)
e general » _ general (توسيع البحث), a general (توسيع البحث), 1 general (توسيع البحث)
A Functional Approach to the Legal Review of Autonomous Weapon Systems /
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Autonomous Weapon Systems (AWS) are no longer limited to science fiction. Conflicts in the Ukraine and Gaza demonstrate an increased trend toward the use of autonomy in the use of force in armed conflict. This book analyses the art 36 legal review obligation and assesses how states can determine the legality of AWS. It proposes a new 'functional' approach to legal review that considers both weapons law and targeting rules engaged by the autonomous functionality.
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1 online resource (255 pages) : illustrations. :
Includes bibliographical references and index. :
9789004707047
Poetry for patrons : literary communication in the age of Domitian /
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A study of the phenomenon of literary patronage, both non-imperial and imperial, during the reign of the Roman emperor Domitian (81-96 A.D.). This work centres on the Epigrams of Martial and the Silvae of Statius. The book deals not only with the relationships between poets and patrons, but also with the audiences and the functions of patron-oriented poetry. It includes discussions of such topics as \'patronage\' versus \'friendship\', the poetic \'I\', the role of poetry at symposia and festivals, dedication and publication, the influence of rhetoric on poetry, and the poetic representation of imperial power. The book should prove of interest not only to specialists in Roman poetry, but also to ancient historians and to students of literary patronage in other cultures. All Latin and Greek is translated.
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Enlargement of author's thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Leiden, 1995. :
1 online resource (xiv, 493 pages) :
Includes bibliographical references (p. 445-469) and index. :
9789004351141 :
Available to subscribing member institutions only.
La banque privée et l'économie monétaire égyptienne (IIIe s. a.C. - IVe s. p.C.) /
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"Ce livre fait l'histoire de la banque privée en Égypte ptolémaïque et romaine. Grâce à la documentation papyrologique et numismatique, l'Égypte offre une occasion unique en histoire économique antique de replacer l'histoire de la banque privée dans le contexte plus général de l'économie monétaire égyptienne. Plusieurs comparaisons sont dressées avec d'autres économies historiques, celles de l'Italie et de l'Occident romains, de l'Empire carolingien, de l'Angleterre moderne et de la France sous l'Ancien Régime. Elles permettent de mieux apprécier les fonctions économiques et l'ampleur du développement chronologique et géographique de la banque privée en Égypte ptolémaïque et romaine. Une économie monétaire historique peut fonctionner sans banque privée mais la présence de celle-ci paraît le signe d'une économie monétaire plus sophistiquée. Dans ces conditions, les hauts et les bas de l'institution en Égypte permettent de mieux saisir les variations de longue durée de l'économie monétaire égyptienne"--
"This book chronicles the history of private banking in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt. Thanks to papyrological and numismatic documentation, Egypt offers a unique opportunity in ancient economic history to place the history of private banking within the broader context of the Egyptian monetary economy. Several comparisons are made with other historical economies, those of Roman Italy and the West, the Carolingian Empire, modern England, and France under the Ancien Régime. They allow for a better appreciation of the economic functions and the extent of the chronological and geographical development of private banking in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt. A historical monetary economy can function without a private bank, but the presence of one appears to be a sign of a more sophisticated monetary economy. Under these conditions, the ups and downs of the institution in Egypt allow for a better understanding of the long-term variations in the Egyptian monetary economy"
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"Introduction -- Which Banks Conducted Private Banking Operations in Ptolemaic Egypt? -- The Emergence of Private Banking and the Transformation of the Egyptian Monetary Economy in the Augusto-Tiberian Period (30 B.C.-20 A.D.) -- The Growth and Apogee of Private Banking in Roman Egypt from the Augusto-Tiberian Period to the Mid-2nd Century (CA. 150-170) -- Private Banking from the Mid-2nd to the 4th Century: Between Maintenance and Transformation -- Conclusion"--Table of contents translated via Google Translate. :
248 pages : 24 cm. :
Includes bibliographical references (pages 227-244) and indexes. :
9789042951938
Across the ocean : nine essays on Indo-Mediterranean trade /
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Across the Ocean contains nine essays, each dedicated to a key question in the history of the trade relations between the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean from Antiquity to the Early Modern period: the role of the state in the Red Sea trade, Roman policy in the Red Sea, the function of Trajan's Canal, the pepper trade, the pearl trade, the Nabataean middlemen, the use of gold in ancient India, the constant renewal of the Indian Ocean ports of trade, and the rise and demise of the VOC.
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"This volume is a collection of papers delivered at the conference "A Tale of Two Worlds: Comparative Perspectives on Indo-Mediterranean Commerce (I-XVII c.)," held at the Center for the Ancient Mediterranean, Columbia University, March 4th-5th, 2011"--Acknowledgment. :
1 online resource (ix, 204 pages) :
Includes bibliographical references and index. :
9789004289536 :
0166-1302 ; :
Available to subscribing member institutions only.
Walls of the prince : Egyptian interactions with Southwest Asia in antiquity : essays in honour of John S. Holladay, Jr. /
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Walls of the Prince offers a series of articles that explore Egyptian interactions with Southwest Asia during the second and first millennium BCE, including long-distance trade in the Middle Kingdom, the itinerary of Thutmose III's great Syrian campaign, the Amman Airport structure, anthropoid coffins at Tell el-Yahudiya, Egypt's relations with Israel in the age of Solomon, Nile perch and other trade with the southern Levant and Transjordan in the Iron Age, Saite strategy at Mezad Hashavyahu, and the concept of resident alien in Late Period Egypt. These are complemented by methodological and typological studies of data from the archaeological investigations at Tell al-Maskhuta, the Wadi Tumilat, and Mendes in the eastern Nile delta. Together, they reflect the diverse range of Professor Holladay's long and distinguished scholarly career.
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1 online resource (xx, 436 pages) : illustrations. :
Includes bibliographical references and index. :
9789004302563 :
Available to subscribing member institutions only.
Susa and Elam : archaeological, philological, historical and geographical perspectives : proceedings of the international congress held at Ghent University, December 14-17, 2009 /
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In December 2009, an international congress was held at Ghent University in order to investigate, exactly 20 years after the 36th RAI "Mésopotamie et Elam", the present state of our knowledge of the Elamite and Susean society from archaeological, philological, historical and geographical points of view. The multidisciplinary character of this congress illustrates the present state of research in the socio-economic, historical and political developments of the Suso-Elamite region from prehistoric times until the great Persian Empire. Because of its strategically important location between the Mesopotamian alluvial plain and the Iranian highlands and its particular interest as point of contact between civilizations, Susa and Elam were of utmost importance for the history of the ancient Near East in general.
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1 online resource (xiii, 554 pages) :
Includes bibliographical references and index. :
9789004207417 :
1782-4168 ; :
Available to subscribing member institutions only.
Leonardo da Vinci and Architecture /
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Found scattered among his numerous manuscripts, Leonardo's studies on architecture were conceived during an artistic journey of close to fifty years while their author was in the service of the most prestigious patrons. Dealing with churches, ephemeral monuments, urban reconstruction, fortifications, palaces and villas, and painted architecture-mostly ideal in nature-they are part of the architectural evolution of the late quattrocento and early cinquecento. Leonardo's drawings assimilate the ideas of the pioneers of Renaissance architecture and focus on particular aspects, such as interventions on existing structures, classical orders, staircases, and decoration. Leonardo's analysis sheds light on dialogues with Bramante, Francesco di Giorgio, Giuliano da Sangallo, Michelangelo, Baldassare Peruzzi and Antonio da Sangallo the Younger and allows us to better understand whether his contributions were innovative, or singular interpretations of the achievements of his time. This is an augmented translation of Leonardo e l'architettura (Modena: Franco Cosimo Panini, 2019)
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1 online resource (302 pages) : illustrations. :
Includes bibliographical references and index. :
9789004537279
The language environment of first century Judaea /
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The articles in this collection demonstrate that a change is taking place in New Testament studies. Throughout the twentieth century, New Testament scholarship primarily worked under the assumption that only two languages, Aramaic and Greek, were in common use in the land of Israel in the first century. The current contributors investigate various areas where increasing linguistic data and changing perspectives have moved Hebrew out of a restricted, marginal status within first-century language use and the impact on New Testament studies. Five articles relate to the general sociolinguistic situation in the land of Israel during the first century, while three articles present literary studies that interact with the language background. The final three contributions demonstrate the impact this new understanding has on the reading of Gospel texts.
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1 online resource. :
Includes bibliographical references and index. :
9789004264410
Money in the late Roman Republic /
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Roman monetary history has tended to focus on the study of Roman coinage but other assets regularly functioned as, or in place of, money. This book places coinage in its broader monetary context by also examining the role of bullion, financial instruments, and commodities such as grain and wine in making payments, facilitating exchange, measuring value and storing wealth. The use of such assets reduced the demand for coinage in some sectors of the economy and is a crucial factor in determining the impact of the large increase in the coin supply during the last century of the Republic. Money demand theory suggests that increased coin production led to further monetization, not per capita economic growth.
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Based on the author's Ph.D. thesis, Roman money in the late Republic, presented to Columbia University in 2002. :
1 online resource. :
Includes bibliographical references (p. [157]-175) and indexes. :
9789047419129 :
0166-1302 ; :
Available to subscribing member institutions only.
Fifty Years of Bangladesh Parliament : A Critical Evaluation /
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This book critically examines the constitutional position and contribution of the Bangladesh Parliament during the fifty years of its existence. Examining the institution through a "Westminster" lens, the book unearths how and why it behaves in an (un)Westminster, rather say the "Eastminster", way. This book is the first of its kind attempting a separation of powers and checks and balances inspired analysis of the Parliament vis-à-vis Bangladesh's government, judiciary, and the people. It explains how its internal democracy deficit arising from the country's undemocratic political partises deny the Bangladesh Parliament, its rightful place within the country's constitutional design.
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1 online resource (310 pages) : illustrations. :
Includes bibliographical references and index. :
9789004720831
Joel's use of scripture and scripture's use of Joel : appropriation and resignification in second temple Judaism and early Christianity /
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The methodological approach employed in this research utilizes the hermeneutics of comparative midrash combined with aspects of Bakhtinian dialogism and intertextuality. The purpose of this enterprise is to discern the function of scripture in Joel and its New Testament Nachleben . The terms 'appropriation' and 'resignification' are descriptive of the process through which an antecedent text is transformed by its displacement, condensation, and recontextualization. These methodologies assist in giving an account of the intertextual dialogism involved in a text's unrecorded hermeneutics. The scope of the work looks at the use of scriptural traditions within the book of Joel during the Second Temple period. There is an introduction to the hermeneutical methods employed, followed by a general introduction to the book of Joel in chapter one. Chapters two and three concern the function of scripture in Joel. Finally, the last chapter deals with Joel's New Testament Nachleben. Each chapter has an introduction and conclusion. This work does not eschew the importance of diachronic issues. The diachronic method pays attention to the context of an antecedent's voice, while the synchronic methodological approach pays attention to the function and purpose in which the receptor text resignifies the appropriated motifs and allusions. The diachronic becomes fused with the synchronic in the process of an allusion's recontextualization. This study, in a heuristic manner, focuses on the way that each allusion is appropriated and resignified for the needs of both Joel's community and those of the later NT, in order to understand the function of canonical hermeneutics.
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1 online resource. :
Includes bibliographical references (p. [393]-423) and indexes. :
9789047419808 :
Available to subscribing member institutions only.
Kontinuität und Wandel des Senatorenstandes im Zeitalter der Soldatenkaiser : Prosopographische Untersuchungen zu Zusammensetzung, Funktion und Bedeutung des amplissimus ordo zwisc...
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In Kontinuität und Wandel des Senatorenstandes im Zeitalter der Soldatenkaiser untersucht Nikolas Hächler die Zusammensetzung, Funktion und Bedeutung des ordo senatorius zwischen 235-284 n. Chr., als das Imperium Romanum eine Reihe tiefgreifender Veränderungen durchlief. Grundlage der vorliegenden Studie stellt eine prosopographische Zusammenstellung dar, in welcher Lebensläufe senatorischer Amtsträger ausgehend von aktuell bekannten Quellenzeugnissen rekonstruiert werden. Obschon militärische Spitzenfunktionen im Laufe des 3. Jhs. zusehends von Rittern anstelle von Senatoren ausgeübt wurden und der ordo amplissimus damit an Bedeutung verlor, stellt sich bei näherer Betrachtung tatsächlich heraus, dass ihm für den Erhalt des Römischen Reiches während der so genannten Reichskrise noch immer grundlegend stabilisierende Funktionen zukamen. In Kontinuität und Wandel des Senatorenstandes im Zeitalter der Soldatenkaiser Nikolas Hächler observes the composition, function and general importance of the ordo senatorius during 235-284 C.E. when the Roman Empire was affected by a series of radical changes. The study is grounded on a prosopographical analysis, in which Hächler presents a reconstruction of senatorial cursus based on the currently known source material. Although the most important functions within the Roman army were gradually filled by members of the ordo equester instead of viri clarissimi and the senatorial order thereby suffered a loss of importance during the Third century, it remained of utmost significance for the stability of the Imperium Romanum in times of crisis.
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1 online resource. :
Includes bibliographical references and index. :
9789004388659 :
Available to subscribing member institutions only.
Cult and Ritual in Persian Period Egypt : An Analysis of the Decoration of the Cult Chapels of the Temple of Hibis at Kharga Oasis /
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"Ancient Egyptian temple walls expressed royal and political ideologies, reflected the ancient Egyptian secular and spiritual world order, supplied a medium for the reenactments of assorted myths, and implied a metaphor for the universe. The Temple of Hibis is one of the most important temples from Late Period Egypt. Despite the conventional overall architecture plan of the temple, it exhibits numerous particularities. While the more prominent parts of the temple, such as the sanctuary, have been studied by numerous scholars, in other areas the decoration schemes remain largely unexplained. This book focuses on the decorative schemes of several chapels in the earlier part of the temple, chapels that were either established and/or were decorated during the first Persian Period (525-404 BCE). These chapels were located around the main sanctuary A, but have rarely been the subject of scholarly discussions. It concentrates on a few chapels of the Temple of Hibis: chapels F and G to the south of sanctuary A on the first level of the temple and all the decorated chapels, E1, E2, H1, and H2, on the second level of the temple. Each chapter begins with a brief description of the scenes and their basic layout and a complete translation of the accompanying texts. A more in-depth analysis regarding both text and image follows in the commentary. It includes the analysis of the different aspects of the gods, their origins, and the development of their cults that are significant to the scenes and to each other. Also discussed are their coherence, any aspects that are especially emphasized, and any other information that could be gleaned from the whole scene. The analysis tries to detail the specific composition that makes up the mosaic of the picture, wall, or room. Attention is paid to both the scenic arrangement and the hieroglyphic inscriptions, as the interpretation of one would be meaningless without the other. Attention is given to investigating the general function of the different rooms by means of their decoration and by identifying the patterns or important themes generated by the layout of the scenes. The results are summarized in the last chapter. A number of line drawings have been inserted into the text beside a described scene as an aid to the reader"--
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xv, 294 pages : illustrations (some color), maps ; 28 cm. :
Includes bibliographical references (pages 225-264) and index. :
9781950343096
Encyclopedia of canonical ḥadīth /
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This encyclopedic work on Islam comprises English translations of all canonical ḥadīths, complete with their respective chains of transmission (isnāds). By conflating the variant versions of the same ḥadīth, the repetitiveness of its literature has been kept wherever possible to a minimum. The latest methods of isnād analysis, described in the general introduction, have been employed in an attempt to identify the person(s) responsible for each ḥadīth. The book is organized in the alphabetical order of those persons. These are the so-called 'common links'. Each of them is listed with the tradition(s) for the wording of which he can be held accountable, or with which he can at least be associated. Within each article, the traditions are referred to in bold figures in the numerical order as they were distilled from the more than 19,000 isnāds listed in Tuḥfat al-ashrāf bi ma'rifat al-aṭrāf by the Syrian ḥadīth scholar Yusuf born 'Abd ar-Raḥmān al-Mizzī (d. 742/1341). Medieval commentaries as well as assorted biographical lexicons were drawn upon to illustrate the text of each tradition in all theological, social, legal and other noteworthy aspects discernible in it. Thus no details of eschatology, superstitions, miraculous phenomena, Jahili practices et cetera were left without the clarifying comments of contemporary and later theologians, historians and ḥadīth experts culled from such works as the Fatḥ al-bārī, a major commentary of Bukhārī's Ṣaḥīḥ by Ibn Ḥajar al-'Asqalānī (d. 852/1448) or the commentary by Yaḥya born Sharaf an-Nawawī (d. 676/1277) of the Ṣaḥīḥ of Muslim born al-Ḥajjāj. The encyclopedia concludes with an exhaustive index and glossary of names and concepts, which functions at the same time as a concordance. In short, this work presents an indispensable sourcebook of the development of Islam in all its facets during the first three centuries since its foundation as reflected in canonical ḥadīth.
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1 online resource. :
Includes bibliographical references (p. [xiii]-xv) and index. :
9789047422723 :
Available to subscribing member institutions only.
Nemesis, the Roman state and the games /
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Although Nemesis was already revered in Archaic Greece, the main evidence for worship comes from the Roman Principate. During this period two important facets of the cult were the association of the goddess with the state, and her presence in agonistic contexts. Nemesis, the Roman State and the Games explores these aspects, discerning a possible connection between them. The author begins by discussing the origin and background of the goddess. He then clarifies the ways in which the goddess was enlisted into the service of the Roman emperor and state. Finally, he explains the presence of the goddess almost exclusively at the Roman Munus and Venatio as derived from the function of such games to express the proper order of society. Nemesis represents a significant re-evaluation of the place of Nemesis in the Roman World. The book also provides an invaluable corpus of epigraphic, literary, and iconographic evidence for the goddess.
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1 online resource (xv, 373 pages, [28] pages of plates) : illustrations. :
Includes bibliographical references (p. 345-354) and indexes. :
9789004295803 :
0927-7633 ; :
Available to subscribing member institutions only.
The role of the lector in ancient Egyptian society /
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The lector is first attested during the 2nd Dynasty and is subsequently recognised throughout ancient Egypt history. In previous studies the lector is considered to be one of the categories of the ancient Egyptian priesthood. He is perceived to be responsible for the correct performance of rites, to recite invocations during temple and state ritual, and to carry out recitations and perform ritual actions during private apotropaic magic and funerary rites. Previous treatments of the lector have rarely considered the full extent of his activities, either focusing on specific aspects of his work or making general comments about his role. This present study challenges this selective approach and explores his diverse functions in a wide ranging review of the relevant evidence.
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1 online resource : illustrations (black and white). :
Specialized. :
Includes bibliographical references. :
9781784910334 (PDF ebook) :
The Village Gods of South India /
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Gramadevatas, or the village gods, are quite popular in the Indian subcontinent. During the ancient and medieval periods, village gods were venerated for religious, political, cultural, and social purposes for their blessings, well-being, divine powers, and good fortune. This book primarily focuses on the village gods prevalent in the southern states of India during the colonial period. It discusses the religion and ritual ceremonies in different parts of south India. Hinduism, and its particular forms, form a significant part of this book. A large part of the book covers the features concerning the religion, names of the deities, characteristics, functions, and the cult associated with each deity. Following this, the book covers the types of worship practiced in modern-day Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. Lastly, the book covers folklore, the origins of various deities, and the impact on social systems based on social, moral, and religious aspects.
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1 online resource (196 pages) : illustrations. :
Includes bibliographical references and index. :
9789004752733
Indian Federalism in the New Millennium /
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The Indian federal system has been dynamic in accommodating political and societal changes since its constitutional blueprint was drawn in 1949-50. However, there has been a fundamental transformation in the operative principles of federalism particularly during the last decade or so. The rhythm and the beat of the political system, and of the federal system within it, has changed on account of a variety of socio-economic and political factors, but primarily because of a disarray of the party system, neo-liberal economic policies, and judicial decisions. The centralizing thrust of the earlier years has yielded to some kind of a 'confederal' operation of the political system, making the formulation and implementation of public policies a 'consociational' exercise between political elites at the two levels of government-central and provincial-with the third, now constitutionally entrenched level-local institutions of self-government-waiting in the wings. The eighteen papers in this volume, written by experts in the field, reflect on the new and emerging trends in Indian federalism in particular and in the Indian political system in general in the larger context of global and regional changes.
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1 online resource (448 pages) : illustrations. :
Includes bibliographical references and index. :
9789004752542