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Trade, Transport and Tanda : Shifting Identities of the Banjaras /
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The Banjaras were primarily a nomadic group. During the reign of Alauddin Khalji they were organized to collect grains from the country-side for smooth running of the market reforms. Later, they became an indispensable part of the Mughal economy and acquired a very important role as transporters for the empire and even continued with the same status under the East India Company. Banjaras were not only the suppliers, traders or transporters they also served as the commissariat for the Mughals and John Company. The main items they transported were non perishable goods mainly; grains and salt. Based on Chittiyat, Arzdasht and Arshatta documents archived at Rajasthan State Archives, Bikaner and travelogues, this volume focuses not only on the role and organization of Banjaras and Tanda but also on the shifting identity of Banjaras from nomadic to criminal over a period of time. The introduction of railways in India drastically changed the fate of these born transporters of the empire. The change of regime and the introduction of a new mode of transport led to the marginalization of the Banjaras and their practical elimination from the economic activities of the subcontinent.
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1 online resource (260 pages) : illustrations. :
Includes bibliographical references and index. :
9789004752320
Shunet el-Zebib Documentation and Conservation
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The funerary monument of King Khasekhemwy in Abydos is also known as the Shunet el-Zebib. Little is known about King Khasekhemwy, the last king of the Second Dynasty, but his reign ended in 2686 BC, making Shunet el-Zebib among the oldest surviving mud-brick structures in the world and the best example of Egypt’s earliest tradition of royal mortuary building. Funding from the Egyptian Antiquities Project (EAP) between 1999 and 2006 resulted in documentation and conservation of approximately 50% of the 200-meter perimeter using newly made mud bricks of the same size and originally sourced materials to re-establish structural integrity.
Follow-up funding provided under a subsequent USAID grant in 2010 enabled team members to continue with the stabilization and conservation of the enclosure, parts of which still risked collapse. The precarious situation at the Shunet el-Zebib was evidenced by its inclusion in the World Monuments Fund’s 2008 Watch List of the World’s 100 Most Endangered Sites.
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3788 pics :
Conservation of the monument was originally funded through the American Research Center in Egypt's Egyptian Antiquities Project (ARCE-EAP) under United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Agreement No. 263-G-00-93-00089-00 (1999-2006) and subsequently funded through ARCE's Egyptian Antiquities Conservation Project (ARCE-EAC) under USAID Agreement No. 263-A-00-04-00018-00 (2010-2012).