The Congress of Carlowitz (1698/99) : Supra-cultural Diplomatic Norms and Practices of Peacemaking at the End of the Seventeenth Century /

The Congress of Carlowitz (1698/99) : Supra-cultural Diplomatic Norms and Practices of Peacemaking at the End of the Seventeenth Century /

This book delivers the first comprehensive analysis of the Peace Congress of Carlowitz (1698/99), challenging traditional Eurocentric views on early modern diplomacy. It demonstrates that peacemaking norms and practices were largely 'supra-cultural'-transcending cultural and religious divi...

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Main Author: Poulios, Konstantinos (Author)

Format: eBook

Language: English
French

Published: Leiden ; Boston : Brill | Nijhoff, 2026.

Series: Early Modern History and Modern History E-Books online, Collection 2026.
Legal History Library ; 82/29.

Subjects:

Early Modern History.
History.
Legal History.

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Call Number: D410

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Table of Contents:
  • Acknowledgments
  • List of Figures and Tables
  • Abbreviations
  • Notes on Transliteration, Names, Dates, Translation and Specific Terminology
  • Introduction
  • 1 Early Modern Peace Congresses: a Widespread, Supracultural Phenomenon
  • 2 A Western/Central European Apanage
  • 3 The Carlowitz Congress Historiographic State-of-the-Art
  • 4 Challenging Eurocentrism
  • 5 Confronting Cultural Essentialism, Provincialising Westphalia and Demythologising Carlowitz
  • 6 Approaching an Early Modern Congress: a Methodological Guide
  • 7 'The Carlowitz Congress Theatre of Peace': the Libretto
  • Prelude
  • 1 Alexandros Mavrocordatos
  • 2 The Failed Vienna Congress and the Concept of the 'Honourable Peace'
  • 3 War and Peace in the 1690s
  • Act I The Preliminaries (Late December 1697-Early October 1698)
  • Dramatis Personae
  • Narration Part I: Embarking on the Road to Peace
  • 1 The First Steps
  • 2 A Mini Interlude: the Concept of Uti Possidetis
  • 3 The Play Resumes
  • Narration Part II: a Mistrust Caused by Distance
  • Narration Part III: Laying Down the Foundation of Peace
  • 1 First Scene: Adrianople
  • 2 Second Scene: Vienna
  • 3 Third Scene: Following Peter I's 'Grand Embassy'
  • 4 Fourth Scene: Adrianople
  • 5 Fifth Scene: Warsaw
  • 6 Sixth Scene: Vienna
  • Interlude I: Mediation
  • 1 Mediation, Arbitration, Bons Offices
  • 2 The Evolution and Proliferation of Peacemaking by Mediation in the Seventeenth Century
  • 3 Mediators and Mediating Undertakings during the Sixteen Years' War
  • 4 Smooth the Negotiation but Do Not Intervene in It? The (Fluid) Position and Duties of a Mediator
  • 5 Efforts to Win Over the Mediators and Complaints of Their 'Partisanship'
  • 6 An Impartial Peace-Maker: the Self-Fashioning of a Mediator
  • 7 The Tangible Material and Symbolic Benefits of a Mediator
  • 8 The Various Types of Mediation at the Carlowitz Congress
  • Narration Part IV: on the Way to the Congress
  • 1 Quarrels among the Mediators
  • 2 The Ottoman Response to the Imperial-Venetian Instrument of the Foundation of Peace
  • 3 The Tsar in Vienna and the Developments in the Allied Camp
  • 4 Searching in the Archives
  • 5 The Final French 'Mediation Gambit'
  • 6 Apprehension on the Ottoman Side: Prevarications in Vienna
  • 7 The Arrangement of the Final Details
  • Act II The Congress Begins (October-Middle November 1698)
  • Dramatis Personae
  • Narration Part I: the Arrival of the Delegations
  • 1 'We Have Gathered Here in the Plain of Carlowitz'
  • 2 'All Is Quiet around Carlowitz'
  • 3 The First Ceremonial Visits
  • 4 The Exchange of the Plenipotentiaries' Credentials
  • 5 The Drafting of the Congress Regulation
  • Interlude II: the Ceremonial
  • 1 What Is the Ceremonial
  • 2 Terminology
  • 3 Ceremonial Regulations in Seventeenth-Century Peace Congresses Prior to Carlowitz
  • 4 The Pioneering Ceremonial Ordering of the Carlowitz Congress
  • 5 The Carlowitz Participants' Hierarchical Conception of the 'Society of Polities'
  • 6 Status Projection Instances and Means
  • 7 The (Disputed) Ceremonial Equality of the Principal Members of an Embassy
  • 8 The Ceremonial Forms Retained during the Talks
  • 9 The Ceremonial of the Signing of the Instruments of the Peace Treaties
  • 10 The Farewell Visits
  • 11 Ceremonial Strife during the Congress: a Short Prelude
  • 12 'Worse than a Fight of Cats and Mice': the Fierce Muscovite-Commonwealth Ceremonial Dispute
  • 13 The 'Tents Incident' No. 2
  • 14 Who Is to Sit First at the Table with the Ottomans?
  • 15 'Faked' Ceremonial Disputes?
  • Narration Part II: the Arcana Congressus
  • 1 The Secret Negotiations between Voznitsyn and the Ottoman Delegation
  • 2 Polish Secret Dealings
  • 3 Venetian Anxieties
  • 4 Count Marsigli's Moves
  • 5 And the Mediators ...
  • 6 The Spy
  • Interlude III: Being a Plenipotentiary Ambassador
  • 1 Clarifying the Terms
  • 2 Portraits of the Carlowitz Plenipotentiaries
  • 3 The Supra-cultural Traits of an Ambassador
  • 4 Crash-Courses for Newly Appointed Plenipotentiaries
  • 5 The Various Social Roles of an Early Modern Ambassador
  • 6 Striving for Partaking in the Glory of Peace
  • 7 More and Less Innocent 'Gifts'
  • 8 The Daily Routine and Obligations of a Plenipotentiary Ambassador
  • 9 Ambassadorial Self-Portrayal
  • 10 How Plenipotentiary Was a Plenipotentiary?
  • Act III The Central Phase of the Congress (13 November- 20 December 1698)
  • Dramatis Personae
  • Narration Part I: Sur la manière de négocier entre les plénipotentiaires
  • 1 How to Set About the Congress Negotiations and in Which Mode to Pursue Them?
  • 2 The Fate of Transylvania Is Sealed
  • At the Negotiating Table I: Territorial Claims, Possession and Border Making
  • 1 The Territorial Aspirations of the Participants of the Carlowitz Congress
  • 2 'Uti Possidetis Sequel': the Congress Playing Out
  • 3 Who Possesses What?
  • 4 Borders: Some Preliminary Thoughts
  • 5 The Terms
  • 6 'Natural' and Artificial Boundaries
  • 7 Border-Making Tools
  • 8 No-Man's Land and the Issue of Fortresses
  • 9 Controlling the Borderlands
  • 10 A 'Closing' of the Frontier?
  • At the Negotiating Table II: Smaller South-Eastern European Polities as Discussion Topics during the Congress
  • 1 Ragusan Manoeuvrings
  • 2 What Is to Be Done with the Tatars?
  • Interlude IV: the Physical and Social Environment of the Congress
  • 1 The Practical Choice of the Plain of Carlowitz
  • 2 Transforming the 'Wilderness'
  • 3 A Multicultural Social Environment
  • 4 The Congress's 'Public Opinion'
  • 5 Instances of Ensemble Social Interaction
  • 6 The 'Other'
  • Narration Part II: Peace Is Ostensibly Drawing Near ... at Least for Most
  • 1 The Imperials
  • 2 Venice
  • 3 The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
  • 4 Muscovy
  • 5 New Rapproachments in the Allied Camp
  • 6 The Ottomans
  • Interlude V: the Composition of an Embassy
  • 1 'The More the Better': the General Structure and Size of a Congress Embassy
  • 2 Family Members
  • 3 Noblemen
  • 4 The Secretary
  • 5 Interpreters
  • 6 Special Advisers
  • 7 Physicians and Priests
  • 8 Postmen, Cooks, Provisioners, Hajduks, Servants and Others
  • Narration Part III: Meanwhile in Vienna ...
  • 1 'You Take It, or You Leave It'
  • 2 Francesco Loredano at the Imperial Court
  • Act IV The Grand Finale (20 December 1698-5 February 1699)
  • Dramatis Personae
  • Narration Part I: 'The Ultimate Great Obstacle for Peace'
  • 1 Setting the Stage for the Final Act
  • 2 The Unsuccessful Restart of the Ottoman-Venetian Talks
  • At the Negotiating Table III: Peace or Truce/Armistice? The Duration of the Treaties
  • 1 Religion: the 'X Factor'?
  • 2 Terminology
  • 3 Temporal Validity of the Agreements
  • 4 Which Type of Agreement to Pick?
  • Narration Part II: the Deadline
  • 1 Ruzzini Remains Firm: the Imperials Actively Intervene
  • 2 Voznitsyn's Moves
  • 3 Apprehension at the Imperial Court
  • 4 Time Is Running Out
  • Narration Part III: the Finale
  • 1 Reconciliation in Public Display: the Signing Ceremonies
  • 2 When Is Peace Considered Concluded?
  • 3 The Last Days of the Congress
  • Conclusions
  • Archival Material
  • Published Sources
  • Bibliography
  • Webpages
  • Index.